![]() ![]() Thali MJ, Braun M, Buck U et al (2005) VIRTOPSY-scientific documentation, reconstruction and animation in forensic: individual and real 3D data based geo-metric approach including optical body/object surface and radiological CT/MRI scanning. Int J Legal Med 125(1):59–65Ĭala AD, Vilain R, Tse R (2013) Elevated postmortem vitreous sodium and chloride levels distinguish saltwater drowning (SWD) deaths from immersion deaths not related to drowning but recovered from saltwater (DNRD). Int J Legal Med 124(2):99–104Īn JL, Ishida Y, Kimura A, Kondo T (2011) Immunohistochemical examination of intracerebral aquaporin-4 expression and its application for differential diagnosis between freshwater and saltwater drowning. J Forensic Sci 42:281–285Īn JL, Ishida Y, Kimura A, Kondo T (2010) Forensic application of intrarenal aquaporin-2 expression for differential diagnosis between freshwater and saltwater drowning. ![]() utility: a retrospective analysis of 771 cases of drowning in Ontario, Canada. Pollanen MS, Cheung C, Chiasson DA (1997) The diagnostic value of the diatom test for drowning, I. Saukko P, Knight B (eds) (2004) Knight’s forensic pathology, 3rd edn. Tsokos M (ed) (2005) Forensic pathology reviews volume 3. The cut- off value translated to 91 % NPV for diagnosis of saltwater drowning.ĭolinak D, Matshes E, Lew E (eds) (2005) Forensic pathology principles and practice.Cut- off value was 37.77 HU based on the ROC analysis.Sinus fluid density of saltwater drowning is significantly higher than freshwater drowning.The average density of sinus fluid in cases of saltwater drowning was significantly higher than in freshwater drowning cases there was no significant difference in the sinus fluid volume. ROC analysis for diagnosis of saltwater drowning determined the cut-off value as 37.77 HU, with a sensitivity of 77 %, specificity of 72 %, PPV of 46 % and NPV of 91 %. While sinus volume did not differ significantly ( p = 0.6000), sinus density was significantly higher in saltwater than freshwater drowning cases ( p = 0.0002). The median sinus fluid volume was 5.68 mL in cases of saltwater drowning (range 0.08 to 37.55) and 5.46 mL in cases of freshwater drowning (0.02 to 27.68), and the average densities were 47.28 (14.26 to 75.98) HU and 32.56 (−14.38 to 77.43) HU, respectively. ![]() Diagnostic performance of these indicators for saltwater drowning was evaluated using a cut-off value calculated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Sinus fluid volume and density were calculated using a 3D-DICOM workstation, and differences were evaluated. Ninety-three drowning cases (22 saltwater and 71 freshwater) were retrospectively investigated all had undergone post-mortem CT and forensic autopsy. To evaluate the difference in sinus fluid volume and density between saltwater and freshwater drowning and diagnose saltwater drowning in distinction from freshwater drowning. ![]()
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